Lorenzo do Canto Visentin*
Nanobusiness Informação e Inovação Ltda, Brazil
*Corresponding author: Lorenzo do Canto Visentin, Nano Business Information and Innovation Ltd, Polo Tecnológico de Xerém, Building 32, Av. Nossa Senhora das Graças, Rio de Janeiro 25250-020, Brazil
Submission: February 02, 2018 Published: February 15, 2018
ISSN 2640-9275 Volume1 Issue1
The chemical and physical properties of the active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) on solid-state form can be affected by polymorphism effect. This effect can have a significant influence on the apparent solubility of the drug substance. Polymorphic forms of API differ in their internal solid-state structure, these compounds show a different crystallographic arrangements and different H-bonds self-arrangements [1,2]. The consequences of this effect in a drug substance which may exists in various polymorphic forms are change aqueous solubilities and dissolution rates [3].
The “Guidance for Industry, ANDAs: Pharmaceutical Solid Polymorphism” recommend the control and study of this theme. For FDA the control of polymorphism in drugs is required and is a condition for security sanitary, in order to ensure the best therapeutic efficacy of the drug. According to FDA when a specific polymorphic form shows differences in apparent solubilities, the focus of the research should be on the potential effect such differences have on drug bioavailability and bioequivalence.
Drugs contaminated with polymorphic forms can have low water solubility and are predisposed to poor and variable oral bioavailability, and consequently can affect clinical responses [4].
Therefore, “Bioavailability (BA) is defined in 21 CFR 320.1(a) as: the rate and extent to which the active ingredient or active moiety is absorbed from a drug product and becomes available at the site of action; Bioequivalence (BE) is defined in 21 CFR 320.1(e) as: the absence of a significant difference in the rate and extent to which the active ingredient or active moiety in pharmaceutical equivalents or pharmaceutical alternatives becomes available at the site of drug action when administered at the same molar dose under similar conditions in an appropriately designed study.”
Therefore, under normal conditions, without effects of polymorphism, the drugs are in accordance with the criteria defined above. When an API responds positively to the bioavailability and bioequivalence criteria, we can infer positive aspects for its use in a drug, and consequently we can expect a good clinical efficiency of this drug.
According to Silva et al. [5], in the last years, the crystallographic aspects and their consequences around polymorphism effects have been the focus of several books. For the pharmaceutical industry, the main concern are the effects of the appearance of unwanted polymorphs within the active pharmaceutical ingredients, formulations, and tablets, a problem that can appear throughout the production chain and therefore must be very well monitored.
The first step to achieve a full research on polymorphic forms is through their complete characterization, and this can be done by different analytical techniques to investigate structural properties, such as single crystal X- ray diffraction (SCXRD) and polycrystal X-ray diffraction (PXRD), solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (solid-state NMR), and infrared spectroscopy (IR). The second step is to test the bioavailability and bioequivalence these polymorphs.
Therefore, when conducting a complete study of polymorphic forms on API, the information and data obtained in this research can help to develop more reliable drugs.
The author is grateful to support from Nanobusiness Informação e Inovação Ltda.
© 2018 Lorenzo do Canto Visentin. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and build upon your work non-commercially.